three books on automata
Hero of Alexandria: “Automata” (appr. 50 BCE)
Badīʿ az-Zaman Abū l-ʿIzz ibn Ismāʿīl ibn ar-Razāz al-Jazarī: “The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices” (1206)
Salomon De Caus: “Les Raisons des forces mouvantes” (1615)
![Temple door installation from Hero of Alexandria's "Pneumatica".](http://www.joostrekveld.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/001-494x392.jpg)
![From Al-Jazari's "Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices".](http://www.joostrekveld.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/034-319x494.jpg)
Automata of Vaucanson and others.
![Hand of automaton by Pierre Jaquet-Droz.](http://www.joostrekveld.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/078-494x381.jpg)
technological man
Karel Capek ‘RUR’.
Bauhaus Oskar Schlemmer, Kurt Schmidt, Moholy-Nagy.
a cybernetic zoo
Early robotic dogs, Grey Walter, Albert Ducrocq
![Grey Walter and family.](http://www.joostrekveld.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/215b-494x452.jpg)
robotics
Robot AI: from planning to subsumption architecture (Rodney Brooks)
Solarbotics and BEAM robotics
Hiroshi Ishiguro and the ‘Uncanny Valley’
Boston Dynamics
![An example of BEAM robotics.](http://www.joostrekveld.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/268-494x327.jpg)
artbots
some examples:
Nicolas Schoffer
Enrique Castro-Cid
Nam Jun Paik and Shuya Abe
Edward Ihnatowicz
Norman White
Robert Breer
Survival Research Laboratories
Simon Penny
Ken Rinaldo
Leonel Moura
Machine Wilderness
from robot individuals to robot ecologies ?
![Edward Ihnatowicz "The Senster".](http://www.joostrekveld.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/333-494x357.jpg)
![Simon Penny, "Petit Mal".](http://www.joostrekveld.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/401-333x494.jpg)
![Ant-inspired robot by Leonel Moura.](http://www.joostrekveld.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/505-494x419.jpg)